Scheduled Monument: Group of henge monuments, an associated group of round barrows, a Saxon cemetery, and a Norman church at Knowlton (SM35209/01)

EXTRACT FROM ENGLISH HERITAGE'S RECORD OF SCHEDULED MONUMENTS MONUMENT: Group of henge monuments, an associated group of round barrows, a Saxon cemetery, and a Norman church at Knowlton PARISH: WOODLANDS DISTRICT: EAST DORSET COUNTY: DORSET NATIONAL MONUMENT NO: 35209 NATIONAL GRID REFERENCE(S): SU02441032 SU02500995 SU02371001 SU02611012 SU02241014 SU01731000 SU01831009 SU02011016 SU02041032 DESCRIPTION OF THE MONUMENT The monument, which falls into nine separate areas of protection, includes a group of henge monuments, an associated group of round barrows, a Saxon cemetery, and a Norman church, all situated on level ground in the upper Allen valley, within the area of Cranborne Chase. The group of monuments is often referred to as the `Knowlton Circles' and forms a discrete cluster of sites which was surveyed by the Royal Commission on the Historic Monuments of England (RCHME) in 1975. The best preserved of the henges is known variously as the `Central Circle' and `Church Henge'. This enclosure is oval in plan, with dimensions of 106m by 94m. It is defined by a ditch 10m wide and up to 1m deep, surrounded by banks 10m wide and up to 1.75m high. There are now three entrances, although it is unknown whether all are original. Within the henge, there are several later enclosures and a Norman church (Listed Grade II*). The church is built of flint, with some sandstone and was abandoned in the mid-17th century when the roof collapsed. To the north west lies another enclosure which is often known as the `northern circle'. It is oval in plan, with a maximum diameter of 94m and defined by banks which have been reduced by ploughing to about 20m wide and about 0.5m high. There is a large single entrance to the south east. To the south of this lies a smaller enclosure known as The Old Churchyard'. This enclosure is of uncertain origin; it does not certainly represent a churchyard and might be more closely associated with the nearby henges. The enclosure is about 60m in diameter and defined by banks 20m wide and 0.5m high and there is a possible entrance to the south. The southern enclosure, which represents the largest henge within the group, has a maximum diameter of about 250m. It is roughly circular in plan and is defined by a bank and internal ditch. To the east, where under plough, the bank is 20m wide and about 0.3m high. The ditch is known from partial excavations by Bournemouth University in 1995 to be 15m wide and up to 5.5m deep. The enclosure is now crossed by the Wimborne to Cranborne road and the western area is now largely occupied by New Barn Farm. An area of the bank and ditch survives as an earthwork within the north western area. To the north east of the Central Circle lies the `Great Barrow', which represents the largest mound within the monument. The mound is 40m in diameter and about 3m high, and is surrounded by a ditch which has become infilled, but which is known from aerial photographs to survive as a buried feature. A second ditch, known from aerial photography and partial excavation gives the `Great Barrow' a total diameter of 121m. This outer ditch may represent an enclosure, as there is an entrance on the eastern side. This is the largest in a group of broadly contemporary round barrows located close to the henges at Knowlton. There are 15 other examples clustered around the enclosures, with four outliers situated to the south west. The barrows have been reduced by ploughing, some surviving as low earthworks and others as ring ditches, the ring ditch representing the buried ditch as it appears in aerial photographs. The barrows were recorded by the RCHME in 1975. Further round barrows and ring ditches to the north and south form the subject of separate schedulings. The area between the Great Barrow and the Central Henge was partially excavated in 1958 during the laying of a water main. A group of 16 inhumation burials within chalk-cut graves, some aligned east-west, indicates the presence of a cemetery which may be of early medieval date. The central henge and the church are in the care of the Secretary of State. All gates and fence posts which relate to the modern field boundaries and farmyard, the structures of the grain silo, the timber-built livestock shed (situated in the central western area), the structure of the open-sided hay barn (situated in the north western area), and the interpretation notice at the entrance to the church are excluded from the scheduling, although the ground beneath all these features is included. ASSESSMENT OF IMPORTANCE Cranborne Chase is an area of chalkland well known for its high number, density and diversity of archaeological remains. These include a rare combination of Neolithic and Early Bronze Age sites, comprising one of the largest concentrations of burial monuments in England, the largest known cursus (a linear ritual monument) and a significant number and range of henge monuments (Late Neolithic ceremonial centres). Other important remains include a variety of enclosures, settlements, field systems and linear boundaries which date throughout prehistory and into the Romano-British and medieval periods. This high level of survival of archaeological remains is due largely to the later history of the Chase. Cranborne Chase formed a Royal Hunting Ground from at least Norman times, and much of the archaeological survival within the area resulted from associated laws controlling land-use which applied until 1830. The unique archaeological character of the Chase has attracted much attention over the years, notably during the later 19th century, by the pioneering work on the Chase of General Pitt-Rivers, Sir Richard Colt Hoare and Edward Cunnington, often regarded as the fathers of British archaeology. Archaeological investigations have continued throughout the 20th century and to the present day. Despite some reduction by ploughing, the Knowlton Circles complex survives as a combination of earthwork and associated buried remains and is known from partial excavations to contain archaeological and environmental evidence relating to the monument and the landscape in which it was constructed. Knowlton represents one of the most significant groups of henge monuments representing Late Neolithic ceremonial or ritual centres in England, being one of few instances where many forms of the henge tradition occur in close proximity. Associated with the henge group is one of the most dense concentrations of round barrows (Late Neolithic to Bronze Age burial monuments) in Dorset, and containing one of the largest examples of an individual barrow. The barrow group represents the only major example in Dorset (and one of few examples in Wessex) to be situated in an area without an earlier long barrow tradition. The presence of a medieval church within the Central Circle represents an unusual integration of pagan and Christian symbolism. In addition, the presence of burials of probable Saxon date close to the church provides further information concerning earlier medieval economy and society within the area. The central henge and Knowlton Church are in the care of the Secretary of State and are on public display. SCHEDULING HISTORY Records show this monument was included in the Schedule on 15th October 1924 as part of: COUNTY/NUMBER: Dorset 18 NAME: Knowlton, near Wimborne, group of tumuli and earthworks Scheduling amended on 2nd October 1952 to: COUNTY/NUMBER: Dorset 18 NAME: Group of tumuli, earthworks and ruined church at Woodlands, Knowlton Part of the monument placed in Guardianship on 1st September 1959 as: COUNTY/NUMBER: Dorset 18 NAME: Knowlton, church and earthwork circle The reference of this monument is now: NATIONAL MONUMENT NUMBER: 35209 NAME: Group of henge monuments, an associated group of round barrows, a Saxon cemetery, and a Norman church at Knowlton SCHEDULING REVISED ON 05th July 2002

Record last edited

Feb 21 2018 9:13AM